Introduction
Ever since the invention of thermo-mechanical
energy converter, an External Combustion Engines (ECE) and an Internal
Combustion Engines (ICE) been introduced to run various vehicles build by man.
People then dream to travel to far-off countries to see with his/her own eyes the
beautiful scenery of distant land and meet various culture of other people, blossomed
in the heart of so many people across the world to ride a: car, train, ship,
and airplane never diminish with the passage of time.
Two technologies already competing in
market place ever since, each been perfected to fulfill people demand. They are the development of the
Mean of Transportation, abbreviated MT, to carry people from home to the dream country
to see for themselves the beautiful scenery of other country and meet the respected
culture, and the development of Information Communication Technology, abbreviated:
ICT. The latter also require necessitated gadgetry to bring the beautiful scenery
of distant country along with the culture to people eyes back home;
both are moving in rapid pace.
The problem with thermo-mechanical
energy converter is the pollution it introduced to human living environment: on
land, on water, and in the air. The pollution already emerged since the outbreak
of industrial revolution in Europe, when steam engine (ECE) were used to run factories,
industries, railway networks, etc., burning solid fuels to liberate “heat” for
conversion into “mechanical energy”. Then been followed by a bit more efficient
ICE burning liquid and gaseous fuel also to get “heat” from combustion for
conversion into “mechanical energy”, to run transport, factories, industries,
etc.
Then both thermo-mechanical energy
converters, ECE and ICE, been use to run land transport with the introduction
of steam locomotives to drive train, automobiles, motorbikes, etc., crowding
roads and streets in cities; trains network crisscrossing islands and
continents. Same energy converters been used for water transports, sailing:
canals, rivers, lakes, seas, and oceans, to crowd them with various boats. So
do air around the blue planet were crowded with many type aircraft, also run by
a variety of thermo-mechanical energy converters.
Then, number of thermo-mechanical
energy converter rising with time around the globe, burn solid fuel, liquid
fuel, and gas fuel, to get “heat” for conversion into “mechanical energy” in demand
by man. There is a stream of solid fuel, liquid fuel, and gaseous fuel from the
belly of earth migrating to its surface, been burn in thermo-mechanical energy
converter, releasing exhaust gases to the atmosphere of human environment. The
burning of fuel in thermo-mechanical energy converter causing carbon dioxide and
other toxic material released to earth surface beyond health limit, on: land,
water, and air, across the globe.
High
concentration of carbon dioxide along with toxic gases in the air causing temperature
earth’s surface to increase, due to heat radiated from the sun reaching the
blue planet cannot be released back to space by layers of carbon dioxide and
pollutant hanging in the air. Except polluting the atmosphere around the globe,
other problem with all mode of transport driven by thermo-mechanical energy
converter is the population which steadily increasing with time across the
globe. The number of Internal Combustion Engine will increase almost
proportionally with the number of various vehicles produced around the globe.
Entering
the 21st century, almost one billion of Internal Combustion Engines
had roamed roads and streets in cities of various countries around the globe on
busy hour of working days causing traffic congestion on land. Similar prime
movers also powered boats of various sizes that clog waterways like: rivers,
lakes, seas, and ocean; especially around busy bay causing congestion built up
in seaports. Similarly, air around the globe already swarmed by aircraft
various type and make powered by same prime mover approaching or leaving
world’s metropolis.
The New Breed Aircraft
A solution to get rid of pollution
threatening human environment as well as traffic jam causing congestion on
roads and streets that build up quickly in cities, waterways, and atmosphere around
the globe due to continuous rise population of thermo-mechanical energy
converter to run transportation various
mode across the globe must be found. The solution also taking into account
topographical characteristic of land and water access of various location
around the globe, it is also time to switch mind from “think small” to “think
big”, with the introduction of “a new breed aircraft”, called: “Ultra Large
Torus Rotary-wing Aircraft”, shorten: “ULTRA” or simply written “Ultra”.
This
paper is about a new breed aircraft called ultra for application in the near
future. It is a new kind air transport intended to carry “very heavy load” of “very
large volume”. Entering the 21st century the demand for a heavier
air-carrier already been envisaged, because of trend in international
trade leaning to the implementation bigger sea and ocean carrier around the world.
Some cargo vessels are required for the
transportation of materials like: coal, iron ore, and the like, along with
harbors for the transshipment of
merchandise between island or continent; as well as the demand for larger
tanker to transport various liquid such as: water, palm oil, energy: coal, crude
oil, and LNG. Similar bigger liners are also in demand for the sea and ocean
cruise travel in various part of the globe.
The
problem with sea mode transport ferrying merchandise in container ships, is the
need to have transshipment harbor for consignment with the necessary handling facility.
The latter is necessary to transfer consignment from land mode transport to sea
mode on departure, or the other way round on arrival. Such handling facility also
required by raw material like: iron ore, coal, etc., in cargo vessels, or
liquid like: fuel, palm oil, etc., in tankers, The transshipment process takes
time, and become the time lost in transportation. Other problem with sea
transportation is the presence shallow and narrow waterway in some lanes such:
straits or canals. Such route limits the size and the drought of vessels
allowed sailing, which mean to limit also consignment. Narrow water limit size
of a vessel allowed passing, while shallow water limit its drought allowed
sailing. Narrow and shallow water are the two main obstacles of vessel allowed carrying
consignments between islands and continents allowed sailing, which spell into
more time spent on transport.
With
advent of new breed aircraft or ultra, the above said constraints eliminated easily
because it flies. Ultra takes off from a “land base” of a country to land on
another “land base” of the same or another country, carrying: merchandise in
containers, or raw materials, or liquids, and even passengers. It is the new
mode of “Very Heavy Air Carrier”, shorten: VHAC for “Point To Point Service”, shorten: PTPS,
on earth surface, moving very heavy load in very large volume of: commodities
in containers, raw materials, crude or palm oil, LNG,
water, etc.; even very large number travelers ever flying in the future. Having
such an aircraft in service around the world, obstacles encountered by ocean
going vessels mentioned earlier, and topographical obstacle encountered by
surface transport on land and on water, can be easily avoided with,
leaving only straight distance in the air to travel to save time and
energy.
A
new breed aircraft capable to carry passengers remain sitting in their cars, or
merchandises still in their truck containers, to get rid traffic congestion on
roads or streets connecting a metropolis with its surroundings. A new breed
aircraft can also turn into an air-ferry to move passengers with their cars, or
merchandises inside their truck containers, to free roads or streets connecting
a metropolis with its suburb or hinterland on busy hours of working days.
With
air-ferries serving metropolis around the globe, one need to drive from home to
a nearby air-ferry “land base”, or popularly known as “air-hub”. One also drives
from “air-hub” destination to his/her workplace or office. While the travel
from his/her nearest “air-hub” to an “ air-hub” destination be borne by the new
breed aircraft designed and built for an air-ferry. For a short haul, an
air-ferry service will be able to compete in time and convenience with all sort
surface transportation.
Such
an air-ferry is the opposite of a subway services in a metropolis of modern
world. With a subway service, one need to go down to earth on staircases or
escalators to catch a trains in service underground, while an air-ferry will pick
up people right from one nearby “air-hub” and ferry them by air to next “air-hub”
of his/her destination.
With
the invention of new breed aircraft, the planning and construction a new harbor
for the transshipment of merchandise, or ferry for passengers and vehicle
between island and continent or the other way round may be reviewed. This will
lead to the preservation of precious natural habitat inherited from nature on
land and water, not just on the surface but also the depth of various
water-bodies, such: canals, rivers, lakes, sea, and ocean. The air in earth
atmosphere will be free from pollution, if the new aircraft powered by: high
capacity batteries, fuel cells, and nuclear energy, either fission or fusion
reaction.
The
new breed aircraft also become alternative solution to the costly undertaking
building roads and streets of multi-layer flyovers and interchanges
crisscrossing big cities or metropolis to get rid of traffic congestion, as
well as keeping up with annual population increase. With a new breed aircraft serve
as air-ferry, aforemention undertaking can be avoid, and this will lead
to the preservation of the precious living environment granted by
nature.
Ultra
The idea to introduce a new breed
aircraft came to mind with desire to overcome congestion in big city like a
metropolis with “air-ferry” carrying people remain in their cars. Experience has shown, the length of a fuselage of
largest fixed-wing aircraft almost 100 meters in length. It is not easy to construct
any larger aircraft without the provision of bigger airport with a longer and
wider runway for take-off and landing.
By
transforming aircraft’s fuselage from straight line to circle or from tube to
torus, then from fixed-wing to rotary-wing with two rotors counter-rotating lay
in same horizontal plane, there is a room to increase aircraft dimension. With the
implementation of magnetic levitation technology, the new breed aircraft can
have the rotors bearings been placed anywhere between rotors center of rotation
and their periphery. By conducting research on the construction of a very large
dynamic flying structure along with relevant technology, a new breed aircraft
called “ultra” will soon become a
reality.
The
new breed aircraft is a type aircraft for take-off and landing vertically. It
is a new kind flying machine with doughnut or torus body shape with rotors
installed in the inner and outer circumference of aircraft’s fuselage. Instead
of a straight line connecting the cockpit with its tail for normal fixed-wing
aircraft, ultra has a circular one so both ends meet with each other to
establish a ring. With such a body design, rotors will rotate in the inner as
well as on the outer circumference of aircraft’s body. Both rotors of new breed
aircraft occupy same plane horizontally with same center of rotation, but
counter-rotating. The speed of each rotor must be set in such a way, to make the
counter-rotating torques emerging in every rotor cancel each other, causing the
aircraft’s fuselage keep unturn.
With
multi blade rotors counter-rotating in place, the new breed aircraft take-off
and landing vertically from a “land base” built for purpose the aircraft. Other
advantage of torus fuselage it is accessible from all direction causing loading
or unloading of merchandise become easy, so do the passengers get on board the
aircraft. With 360 degrees access to aircraft, stampede of passengers on
entering or leaving the aircraft be evaded completely, also shorten passenger’s
boarding time of the new breed aircraft. Passenger can also board the aircraft
while in their car for easy drive in, or drive out. Same with truck containers
with merchandise ferried by ultra for easy to get on board the aircraft, or
leave aircraft the other way round.
With
controllable blade’s pitch and angle with the horizontal, the new breed
aircraft will leave ground with ease. Having
a pair of ducted propellers on top of aircraft’s fuselage for propulsion driven by
electric motor the aircraft will easily maneuver in flight to get to
destination. The new breed aircraft is supposed to fly with a medium speed of 500
km per hour.
Ultra
does not require conventional airport, but it need a “land base for take-off
and landing”, called: ultradrome. An ultradrome may be established anywhere on
islands or continents near manufacturing
centers, where commodities be produced for export trade, and be packed into
containers for consignment. Also near various mines, where various raw materials
like: iron, copper, aluminum, etc., been extracted from the belly of earth; or:
oil refineries, smelter, etc.
Ultradrome
also been established close to world’s metropolis, where a new breed aircraft
serve as “sky-liner” or “air-liner” to ferry large number of passenger on board
like staying in hotels with restaurants. The sky-liner will traveling from one
city to another, or from one country to another on islands or continents, for
business or on holidays in various region of the world, or traveling around the
globe.
The
new breed aircraft can be establish in very large size measuring hundreds of
meters core diameter, even over. It is will be a very large aircraft ever, or a
very large carrying capacity air-carrier, designed and built to ferry commodities,
or raw materials, like: mineral ores, crude oil, water, etc., to take the place
of ocean going vessels or ships, to bring down marine pollution as stipulated
by bio-environment conditions around the world. The new breed aircraft also built
to carry passengers in a sky-liner or airliner like staying in a flying hotel
with restaurants to compete with large ocean liners now in service.
With
emergence of new breed aircraft of various dimension, like: small, medium, large, very large, and ultra large, a right combination of them across the world, to ferry
commodities and passenger, have to be determined from time to time. In this way
the number of a variety smaller transport: on land, on water, and in through the
air, still run by thermo-mechanical energy converter along with their new
generation remain polluting human living environment around the world, will be restricted
to a maximum number as is stipulated by human health.
New Breed Aircraft’s Main Dimensions
For purpose of introduction, it is
necessary to begin with a new breed aircraft’s or ultra’s proposed Main
Dimensions, shorten MD, as shown in Figure-I.
Figure-I
There
are three main dimensions of an ultra in general, that is to say:
a – The torus core diameter (m),
b - Diameter of aircraft’s fuselage (m), and
c - The rotor’s blade length (m).
And
for the new breed aircraft in this proposal the MD will be as follows:
a = 1000 m,
b = 200 m, and
c = 150 m.
The
dimension is supposed be reached in stages, beginning from: LTRA (Large Torus
Rotary-wing Aircraft) the smallest in the family, to be followed with MLTRA
(Medium Large Torus Rotary-wing Aircraft) the lower medium, then by VLTRA (Very
Large Torus Rotary-wing Aircraft) the
upper medium, and ended with ULTRA (Ultra Large Torus Rotary-wing Aircraft) the
largest of all.
For
purpose research and development, a smaller new breed aircraft’s sizes for
models is introduced to get to know the new breed aircraft behavior, etc., in
flight, such as:
a. 0.5 % of Ultra’s MD for the testing of
mechanical bearing,
b. 2 % of ultra’s MD for the testing of magnetic
bearing,
c. etc.
The
new breed aircraft fuselage been divided horizontally in: upper and lower
compartment. Upper compartment allocated for the prime source of energy, such:
aircraft fuel, or liquid hydrogen, or LNG, or batteries, or nuclear fuel. Also
all kind aircraft’s power equipment, like: thermo-mechanic-electrical
converters, electric power distribution, control board, protection, as well as
monitoring system. The aircraft’s rotors along with mechanical or magnetic
levitation bearings, linear motors to turn the aircraft rotors, etc., are also located
in the upper compartment.
The
new breed aircraft’s upper compartment also reserved for the new breed
aircraft’s cockpit along with the flight control and navigation system. The
Radar System for Collide-Avoidance (RSCA) in flight, as well as Aircraft’s
Crash-Avoidance System (ACAS) been placed in the upper compartment.
The
lower compartment been reserved for payload, such as: merchandise, raw material
such: ores, coal, etc.; or liquid: crude oils, water, etc.; or gaseous: LNG,
etc. For a sky liner the lower compartment reserved for passenger cabins. For a
combine payload, the lower compartment being divided into commodity zones and passenger
areas.
The New Breed Aircraft’s Technology
There are ways a thing can fly in
the air. Nature introduced birds with a pair flapping-wings, while bees making
use a pair vibrating-wings. Man introduced fixed-wings aircrafts with
propulsion and rotary-wings helicopters. This give birth the four known
principle of aircraft’s dynamic flying with
wings: flapping-wings, vibrating-wings, fixed-wings, and rotary-wings.
Ultra
belong to rotary-wings aircraft having lift generated like every aircraft do
where airfoil is made to advance against still air. Lift produced depends on
airfoil design, angle of attack, and the relative speed of advance. In a
rotary-wings aircraft including ultra, the aircraft does not need to move to
create lift, but the rotor blades need to advance against still air.
Like
most helicopter, rotary-wings aircraft has one rotor on top of aircraft's
fuselage been accompanied with counter-torque propeller at tail that work
horizontally to enable the aircraft leaves the ground. Other rotary-wings
aircraft provided with two rotors on top of the aircraft’s fuselage: one having
single shaft with double rotors, one rotor on top of the other,
counter-rotating without counter-torque propeller at tail. Another a double
shafts in tandem on top of the aircraft’s fuselage, lay side by side on the
same horizontal plane, or at a different horizontal plane; each rotor may turn
in the same rotor rotation, or counter rotating, without counter-torque
propeller at tail.
Ultra
belongs to rotary-wings aircraft with single axis of rotation, called:
Center of Rotors Rotation abbreviated: CRR, or aircraft’s center point. It is
equipped with two rotors, one lay inside the torus called: “inner rotor”, while
the other lay outside the torus called: “outer rotor”. Both rotors occupy same horizontal
plane, having counter-rotating rotors to get rid of aircraft’s body from spin. A
CRR is just a virtual point, because one cannot establish any mechanical link
between aircraft’s fuselage and rotors to transfer the aircraft’s weight at
that point, as one can find in a conventional helicopters.
If
one walks away from the center point or CRR as the rotor turning, he/she will
inscribe a virtual circle. The further one goes, the larger the diameter of a
circle will be. When one reaches the inner torus diameter, it will become the
Inner Torus Radius, abbreviated: ITR, of new breed aircraft’s fuselage. If one
goes any further, he/she will reach the outer torus diameter will become the
Outer Torus Radius, abbreviated: OTR, of the aircraft. Both ITR and OTR are the
two important positions of the aircraft’s fuselage, because only at those points
the new breed aircraft’s weight is transfer into rotors by mechanical or other
means.
To
establish mechanical or other mean of contact between the new breed aircraft’s
fuselage with its rotors, a combination
of “ring and lining”, or pair of “ring and lining” necessary: one be installed
on ITR, while another on OTR of the new breed aircraft, as shown in Figure-II.
These rings must be made out of very hard steel for strength. To enhance ring’s
resistance against torque generated by rotor blades on take-off as well as flying
to destination, each ring is built with a right diameter and the
relevant thickness to allow every ring hollow out.
Figure-II
A
certain number blades been attached to inner rotor ring horizontally pointing toward
the new breed aircraft CRR. Same number blades also being attached to outer
rotor ring horizontally, but pointing against CRR. Every aircraft’s rotor blade,
either attached to inner rotor ring as well as outer rotor ring, has two
degrees of freedom: one along blade's length axis for pitching, and with
respect horizontal plane for rolling.
As
aircraft rotors turn, each blade will generate a lift. Aircraft's inner rotor
lift will be the sum of all lifts generated by blades connected to inner ring.
Similarly, outer rotor lift will be the sum of lifts generated by blades
connected to outer ring. The new breed aircraft's lift will be the sum of lifts
generated by inner and outer rotor ring, to constitute a new breed aircraft’s
or ultra’s lift for take-off from ground.
The
inner rotor turns in one direction, while the outer rotor turns in the opposite
direction to create pair new breed aircraft counter-rotating rotors. The speed
of each rotor rotation must be set in such a way to allow counter-acting torque
generated by each rotor equalizes each other perfectly. By maintaining the
counter-acting torques balance each other in real time all the way during
flight, the new breed aircraft’s fuselage will not spin to any direction.
New Breed Aircraft Transfer
Technology
There are some technology a new
breed aircraft’s may transfer its fuselage weight to the rotors, that is to
say: mechanical contact transfer, and magnetic contactles transfer. In either by
way, a ring lining pair are necessary been placed right in the inner torus as
well as outer torus of the new breed aircraft. With contact transfer, the space
between ring and its linings being filled with lubricant to get rid mechanical
friction causing material to erode and energy loss, which give birth: The Liquid Mechanic Transfer Technology
been abbreviated LMTT. With magnetic contactles transfer, the space between
ring and its lining been filled with magnetic field, and give birth: The Magnetic
Field Transfer Technology, been abbreviated: MFTT. That is why there are
two ways available for new breed aircraft to transfer its fuselage to rotors the
following:
Figure-III
Figure-III
gives the illustration of a “ring and lining” pair of LMTT for the new breed
aircraft to allow the aircraft’s weight being transferred to its rotors, also known:
“mechanical bearing” having liquid lubrication. As one can see from the
drawing, there have to be a “space” between the ring and its lining, in order lubricant
can get in to overcome mechanical friction between the relative fast moving
parts with the stationary, as well as the loss of energy.
There
exist two lubricant layers separating every ring from its lining: the upper
lubricant layer and lower lubricant layer. The lubrication layers,
except to separate the fast moving part from the stationary to evade physical
contact between them; also acts as a medium
weight transfer between the new breed aircraft's fuselage weight
with its rotors, making use the new breed’s aircraft’s inner lining and outer
lining to imitate mechanical bearings.
To
enhance the role of lubrication separate the fast moving part from the
stationary to evade friction and loss of energy, a lubrication pump be introduced
to raise lubrication pressure. The latter leads to a complicated lubrication
system along with the required seals to get rid lubricant leakage. This is the
disadvantage of using LMTT for ultra, because almost impossible to maintain
high pressure liquid in a ring and lining pair, the one shown in Figure-III
without lubrication leakage. The high lubrication pressure put into an open
system will inevitably incur the loss of
large quantity liquid.
Other
disadvantage of LMTT by way a pair of ring and lining along with lubricant in
between is to put the aircraft’s rotors into motion. Mechanical power use to
turn the aircraft’s rotors must come from two independent prime movers, been
transferred with help of gears and shaft systems directly delivered to every
ring.
The
challenge of LMTT for new breed aircraft is how effective mechanical power
coming from two independent prime movers to turn counter rotating rotors lay in
a plane may be transferred, with the establishment efficient high pressure
lubrication system in spaces between every ring and its lining.
Figure-IV
Figure-IV
introduced another “ring and lining” pair for the new breed aircraft to
transferring its weight from fuselage to rotors. To get rid of the problem raised
in LMTT, a magnetic field is called for, to get MFTT, also known:
“magnetic bearing”. Now the rotor rings must levitate inside their linings to avoid
physical contact with the latter to get a real magnetic bearing. In latter
technology, magnetic field will “replace” the lubricant to transfer the new
breed aircraft’s weight from fuselage to rotors. A magnetic levitation ring and
lining pair is introduced, as shown in the drawing. There are several category
magnetic levitation transfer technologies undergoing research in some developed
countries for application in transportation, namely:
1. Electro-Magnetic Suspension (EMS)
2. Electro-Dynamic Suspension (EDS)
3. Superconducting Magnetic Levitation (SML)
With
magnetic field in the spaces between rings and their linings, the new breed
aircraft is able to avoid unwanted physical contact between rings and their
linings, or fast moving parts with the stationary parts, to get rid mechanical
friction causing material erosion and the loss of energy. With the implementation
magnetic levitation technology, the new breed aircraft’s weight be transferred
to rotors, first: from linings to the magnetic field then by the latter to
rings fixed to aircraft’s rotors. The levitation of each ring in its lining been
monitored in real time controlled in precise by electronic control system. The adjustment
of each ring to its lining be carried out
varying each magnetic field
strength involved in combine action.
The Magnetic Field Transfer
Technology
To switch a new breed aircraft’s
weight transfer from LMTT to MFTT, means to have a aircraft’s weight transfer
make over from lubricant to magnetic field. With LMTT, there are two liquid
layer involve transferring the aircraft’s weight to its rotors: the upper
liquid layer and the lower liquid layer of lubrication.
This
lubrication layers work as “double bearing” for the new breed aircraft: “the
upper liquid bearing” and “the lower liquid bearing”; both hand in hand transfer
the aircraft’s weight from fuselage to rotors. With the new breed aircraft’s weight
transfer change from “lubrication” to “magnetic field”, similar approach also been
followed with the introduction: “upper magnetic bearing” and “lower magnetic
bearing”. Both bearings will dynamically levitate the new breed aircraft rings
in their linings during take-off as well as flight to destination. There will
be magnetic field combine actions happen between each ring with its lining in
every rotor alongside it to occur, controlled by very quick response electronic
system, during aircraft’s weight transfer from fuselage to rotors during take-off
and flight to destination, as follows:
1. EMS and EDS Combine System
2. Double SML Combine System
3. The Other Combine System
1. The EMS and EDS Combine System
The idea introduced by LMTT
with a double bearing approach to aircraft’s weight transfer has the advantage
that can also been applied to MFTT for use in new breed aircraft. This point of
view leads to the development of pairs of “electro-magnetic bearing”, known as
“magnetic levitation lining” to transfer the new breed aircraft's weight to
rotors. A proposal EDS and EMS for a combine system for weight transfer been
illustrated in Figure-V.
A
laboratory must be set to conducted research to develop a magnetic levitation
lining of that sort from scratch to find out: a right design, component
arrangement, dimension, field strength, electronic control, and the testing for
application to a new breed aircraft. With EDS and EMS Combine Systems, the magnetic
field of every constituent must work in unison along a program to levitate
every ring in the lining under the continuous supervision and control of quick
response electronic system.
Figure-Va
The
EMS system to work as maglev's lower bearings pulls the inner and outer rings
down, while EDS system acts as maglev's upper bearings push the inner and outer
rings together also down. The push-pull action of Combine EDS and EMS System
will keep the high speeding inner and outer rings to levitate inside “maglev
lining”. This way ultra’s rotors rings can get rid the physical contact with
their linings to avoid the friction and loss of energy.
The
new breed aircraft’s working regime are: take-off, flying, landing, and parking
has many thing to do with the combine action of EMS and EDS System get rid
the physical contact between rings and their linings in the course of time to avoid
mechanical friction and loss of energy. The design of magnetic levitation
lining has to involve those aircraft’s necessary working regimes.
Only
electric power is necessary to maintain the magnetic field strength in combine
EMS and EDS Systems for each ring to levitate inside its lining; much like one
that been achieved by the German or Japanese magnetic levitation train. Loss of
electricity means the loss of magnetic field, that lead to the fall of every
ring onto its lining causing the creation mechanical friction along with
the energy loss.
Figure-Vb
2. The Double SML Combine System
Other alternative for the new breed
aircraft to get its fuselage weight been transferred to rotors by magnetic
bearing pair, is the implementation a Double SML Combine System as illustrated
in Figure-VI.
Figure-VI
The
difference between a Double SML Combine System with a Combine EMS and EDS System
previously described, is the application superconductors, from materials
like: Yttrium Barium Copper Oxide (YBa2Cu3O7-x),
been cooled in liquid nitrogen to its critical temperature of 92 K (-181
ºC).
In
a double SML system, superconductor work as uppermaglev bearing to push
the inner and outer rings down, while the second SML act as lowermaglev
bearing to pull the inner and outer rings also down. The advantage
implementation of Double SML Combine System differ from the an EDS and EMS Combine
Systems is the fact, once the system been notified on the “clearance” each ring
has to make with its lining, a Double SML Combine System will automatically do
the push-pull action in a memorized clearance previously introduced to
the magnetic bearing system.
With
implementation of Double SML Combine System, the armatures must be cooled down
to the transition temperature to activate its superconducting property.
3. The Other Combine System
Further research must being carried
out to get magnetic levitation bearing improved quality, either for the upper
bearing as ell as the lower bearing, with the implementation of new materials as
well as more up to date system design. The aim is to seek for a simple and
reliable magnetic levitation bearings technology of easy maintenance, consume less
electric power, as well as long service life.
The New Breed Aircraft
Propulsion
In order a new breed aircraft can fly
to its destination propulsion is necessary. The new breed aircraft will be
equipped will electric propulsion, because it has on board source of electric
power, that is to say: thermo-mechanical-electric converters with conventional
or nuclear fuel, or high capacity batteries, or fuel cells with liquid
hydrogen, or others.
Ultra
been proposed to have two propellers each housed in a duct driven by electric
motor. These motors are diametrically position on top of aircraft’s fuselage.
The combine action of these propellers will determine total trust generated in
the course of aircraft’s flight as well as speed. The aircraft flight direction
be changed by way aircraft’s counter-torque unbalance of the rotors, or trust discrepancy created by new
breed aircraft’s propulsion. Figure-VII shows the position where the new breed
aircraft’s propulsion is proposed been installed.
Figure-VII
The New Breed Aircraft Energy Demand
Due new breed aircraft dimension
is enormous in size, capable carrying very heavy load or very large volume,
like: merchandise in very large amount, or raw materials, or passengers in very
large number; the new aircraft will be extraordinarily heavy requires very
large power for take-off and fly to its destination.
Conventional
fuel is not fit for the new breed aircraft or ultra as the prime source of
energy, because chemical reaction arises from burning: solid, liquid, or gaseous
fuel, release low energy content, few eV per unit mass. Such energy sources
takes up high percentage aircraft weight as well as volume for the storage of fuel
and requires frequent refueling. Other disadvantage of conventional fuels,
except hydrogen fuel, they pollute the human living environment with carbon
dioxides and other toxic gases. Conventional fuel used only for new breed
aircraft smaller dimension such as aircraft’s models for gathering in flight experimental
information, and other purpose assignments.
On
the other hand, nuclear fuels contain ten million times more usable energy
per unit mass is suitable as the prime source of energy without the need of
fuel storage inside the new breed aircraft, and a very long time for refueling.
A nuclear fission reaction releases about two hundred million eV (200 MeV)
energy per unit mass for every event.
A
nuclear fission reaction releases vast amount kinetic energy of nuclear fragments
along with electromagnetic radiation in the form gamma rays in the reactor.
These energies later converted into heat by way of particles collide with atoms
and gamma rays radiation of materials that make up reactor and its working
fluid mostly water or occasionally heavy water.
Nuclear
fuel is used as the prime source of energy for the new breed aircraft, of the from
nuclear fission reaction or nuclear fusion reaction, because both liberate very
high energy content per unit mass, without fuel storage inside the new breed
aircraft with refueling period of say: once every 5 to 10 years.
A
new breed aircraft or ultra is a fully electric powered flying machine, because
it consumes mainly electrical energy. Electric power is required for the
levitation aircraft’s rings in their magnetic linings, run linear motors to
turn the aircraft’s rotors for the creation of lift, run aircraft propulsion
for flight to destination, lighting, aircraft’s control and navigation, and so
forth. Also to run the monitoring system, the telecommunication system,
avionic, Radar System for Collide-Avoidance (RSCA) in flight, and the real time
Aircraft’s Crash-Avoidance System (ACAS), etc.
Heat
generated inside nuclear reactor converted into electricity first by way of
Thermo-Mechanic-Electrical Converter, or TMEC for short. A TMEC unit of a new
breed aircraft is a “power block”
comprising: nuclear reactor for the generation of heat, steam or gas generator for
conversion water into steam or gas into high pressure, turbine to convert
potential energy of steam or gas inside a vessel into mechanical power, a high
voltage generator to get electrical energy.
The
number of power block installed in the upper compartment on board the new breed
aircraft could be 3 or 4 units, and are equally spaced. Such an arrangement is
necessary to get load distribution inside the new breed aircraft, to allow the
latter be stable in flight as can be seen in Figure-VII.
Figure-VIII
With
more block number on board, means the smaller each unit by power, weight, and
volume become. Power generated by all block to equal total power required by
new breed aircraft for take-off at its maximum weight in MW with some
percentage of overhead power reserve. The power of each block is the total
power required divided by number of power block to be installed on board the
aircraft.
The Thermo-Electric Converter
There are two ways heat been liberated
in a nuclear reactor be converted into electricity on board the new breed
aircraft, that is to say: Thermonuclear-Mechanical-Electric Converter, shorten
TnMEC, and Thermonuclear-Electric Convertor, shorten TnEC.
a. The TnMEC
A Thermo-Mechanic-Electrical
Converter (TMEC) is similar to a standard coal fired electric power plant
aggregate to consists of: boiler for the generating high pressure steam,
turbine for conversion high pressure steam into mechanical energy, and high
voltage generator for the generation of electrical
energy. For the case of TnMEC aggregate, the boiler be
replaced by a nuclear reactor, either with fission or fusion reaction.
At present, the nuclear fission reactor
as heat generator to become part of power block may be one of the following:
Pressure Water Reactor (PWR), or Boiling Water Reactor (BWR), or Advance Gas
Cooled Reactor (AGCR), or similar others. While for the
nuclear fusion reactor to become part of power block may be tokamak with
magnetic confinement technology to keep
ultra high temperature plasma
away from the reactor’s chamber.
The efficiency of a super critical pressure coal fired power
plants at 300 bar steam pressure and temperature of 600 °C, is in the range of
42% to 48 %. In a nuclear power plants having Rankine thermodynamic cycle on the
steam turbine side and steam temperatures at saturated conditions, the thermal
cycle efficiency is lower only about 38 %.
b. The TnEC
The efficiency of a static
thermoelectrical power converter having no moving part remains very low; also
same with electric power it can generate in kW. This type converter is still undergoing development
and research to get to the required capacity of a power plant. This is the
reason why TnEC as a power plant will not come into existence in the near
future.
The TnMEC for the New Breed Aircraft
There are two prime source of energy
for new breed aircraft from the nuclear reaction for conversion into
electricity to satisfy the aircraft’s thirst of power: the nuclear fission
reaction and the nuclear fusion reaction. Every reaction will release enormous amount
of heat that been revealed by Einstein’s famous energy-mass
formula: E = mc2. The thermal
energy liberated or heat then be converted into electrical energy in each TnMC
block on board the aircraft.
1. The Nuclear Fission Reaction
A fission reaction
is the split of massive nucleus into subatomic particles along with the release
of photons in the form gamma rays, free neutrons, and others. A typical fission
reaction involving 235U and neutron, is as the following:
Nuclear
fission reaction been used in many countries since the 2nd Word War
for power plants to generate electricity. A lot of information with experiences
been gathered ever since been documented in scientific books and
journals.
Fission
reactor been applied already as the prime energy source for marine propulsion in aircraft carrier for many years without
refueling and submarine capable submerging underwater months without the need to surface at all.
One
disadvantage of nuclear fission reactor for use as prime energy source of a new
breed aircraft, is radioactivity fall out it releases to living environment in
the form of alpha and gamma rays aside from the atomic fragments and
energy.
With
advent of the new generation nuclear fission reactor, lesser radioactive fall-outs
been released to the environment. With the implementation of new generation
fission reactor, the new breed aircraft will get the prime source energy from
nuclear reactor for its maiden flight.
Figure-IXa
2. The Nuclear Fusion Reaction
A fusion reaction is a
combination of two or more light nuclei atomic number to form new element of
higher atomic number (more protons inside the nucleus). With current technology, the readily feasible reaction is
between nuclei of two heavy isotopes of hydrogen deuterium (D) and tritium (T);
they are both the isotopes of hydrogen. Each
D-T fusion reaction event will release energy, as the following:
Currently,
two different experimental approaches been studied, that is to say: the fusion
reaction with magnetic confinement and the fusion reaction having inertial
confinement. The most effective magnetic configuration is a magnetic
confinement in a torus shaped much like thin doughnut, in which the magnetic
field been curved around to create a closed loop.
There
are some type torus confinement systems, and most important of all the tokamak which
mean "torus chamber" in Russian. Today, many countries take part in the
fusion reaction research led by the association of: European Union, USA, Russia
and Japan, with vigorous programs including China, Brazil, Canada, and
Korea.
The
Joint European Torus (JET) is the largest tokamak now operating in the world
today. Up to 16 MW fusion power for one second had been achieved in D-T plasmas
making use the device, s well as experiments conducted to study the different
heating schemes and other techniques.
Collaboration
was established under the auspices of IAEA, between 1988 and 1990, the initial
designs were drawn up for an International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor
(ITER) with the aim to prove that fusion reaction could produce useful energy.
In
1998, the ITER Council approved the first comprehensive design of a fusion
reactor based on well-established physics, and technology in the building
ITER-Fusion Energy Advanced Tokamak (ITER-FEAT), but still achieve the targets
of a self-sustaining reaction and a net of energy gain.
After
15 years of deliberation, the international scientific community has chosen
Cadarache in the southern France, as site for the international ITER project,
with which scientists hope to tap the energy from a thermonuclear fusion source.
Note: Condense from “The Encyclopedia of Earth”.
The
implementation of nuclear fissile fuels or nuclear fusion fuels as prime energy
source for the new breed aircraft, also mean the installation of heavy
machinery of large size, such as: nuclear fission reactor, or nuclear fusion
reactor, TMEC units, electric power distribution, accessories, etc. For a new
breed aircraft, heavy machinery of large size pose little problem for the installation
because the space is available.
The amount of energy liberated by a nuclear fusion reaction is
three to four times greater than energy released by a nuclear fission reaction.
This is because the mass transformed into energy in fusion reaction is much
larger than in fission reaction.
Figure
IXb illustrates a TnMEC unit with the prime energy source coming from a
nuclear fusion reactor known as tokamak.
Figure-IXb
The New Breed Aircraft’s Power
System
The power generated by TnMEC blocks
on board the aircraft are sent to the main switchboard as shown in
Figure-X.
Figure-X
As
can be found from the given drawing, there are three generators supplying
electric power into a switchboard on board the new breed aircraft. The generated
power then fed into outgoing feeders the following:
1.
6 (six) feeders for the inner ring magnetic levitation bearing
2. 6 (six) feeders for the outer ring magnetic
levitation bearing
3. 6 (six) feeders for the inner ring linear motors
4. 6 (six) feeders for the outer ring linear motors
5.
2 (two) feeders for ducted motor electric propulsions
6. 6 (six) feeders for the reactor and boiler pumps
7. 2 (two) feeders for the Radar
System in flight Collide-Avoidance (RSCA), and
Aircraft’s
Crash-Avoidance System (ACAS) real time monitoring
8. 1 (one) feeder for telecommunication, avionic, navigation, control and
monitoring
in real time, and so
on
9. 1 (one) feeder for aircraft’s air condition and cabin pressurization system,
lighting,
etc.
10. 1 (one) feeder for aircraft’s emergency
power supply system.
The Aircraft’s Impact on Ecosystem
The impact a new breed aircraft will
give on human living environment depends on the prime source of energy been used.
If conventional fuel burned except hydrogen, carbon dioxides will be released
to the surrounding air along with variety toxic gases.
If
the new breed aircraft uses nuclear fuels, radioactive fall-outs been released
to human environment much depends on the generation of nuclear fission reaction
technology put on board the aircraft generating electricity. Newer generation of
nuclear fission reactor technology releases less radioactive fall-out to human living
environment.
According
to the report released, a thermonuclear fusion reactor is much cleaner than a
nuclear fission reactor for the generation of electric power in term polluting the
biological surroundings.
Thermonuclear
fusion reactor will then be a better candidate for the prime source of energy for
future new breed aircraft known as ultra.
New Breed Aircraft’s Variation Design
Except the new breed aircraft shown
in Figure-I, the aircraft may also be constructed with rotors’ arrangements for a variety application field,
as shown in Figure-XI the following:
Figure-XI.
a. Double
Counter-Rotating Inner Rotors
The aircraft’s outer rotor as shown in Figure-I being removed and be relocated into
ITR,
to
make second rotor right below the existing one, as shown in Figure-XIa. Other remain
the same
b. Double Counter-Rotating
Outer Rotors
The aircraft’s inner rotor as shown in Figure-I been removed, and be relocated into
OTR, to make second outer rotor right below existing one, as shown in
Figure-XIb. Other remain the same.
c. A Single
Inner Rotor with Counter Torque come from Propulsion
The aircraft’s outer rotor shown in
Figure-I is eliminated. The counter-torque
for take-off will be borne by aircraft’s propulsion. Depends on rotor rotation,
a propulsion first create counter-torque to be assisted by another to get rid
spin.
Each aircraft’s propeller has its own axis of rotation to alter direction.
d. A Single
Outer rotor with Counter Torque come from Propulsion
The aircraft’s inner rotor shown in
Figure-I is eliminated. The counter-torque
for take-off will be borne by aircraft’s propulsion. Depends on rotor
rotation,
a propulsion first create counter-torque to be assisted by another to get rid
spin.
Each aircraft’s propeller has its own axis of rotation to alter
direction.
e. Personal Flyer
The personal flyer is twin rotors new breed aircraft counter-rotating powered
by
battery pack. Every rotor has magnetic
levitation bearings driven by linear motors.
High capacity batteries are under the flyer’s seat, while a safety parachute is
on
flyer dome over both rotors. Propulsion is done by propeller electrically
driven
or wind deflectors, right behind flyer’s seat.
The
New Breed Aircraft’s Application:
I. Freight Air Service
1. Flying Aircraft Container (FAC)
For products, commodities, etc.
2. Salvage Aircraft (SA)
3. Airborne Heavy Mover (AHM).
For moving: houses, buildings, factories, etc.
4. Airborne Tanker (AT)
For the transportation of liquid.
5. Airborne Air Carrier (AAC)
Raw material transport: mineral ore,
scrap metal, garbage, etc.
6. Airborne Heavy Lift (AHL)
For building: bridge, prefabricated building, etc.
7. Etc.
II.
Passenger Air Service
1. Passenger Air Lines (PAL)
2. Airborne Hotel with Restaurant
(AHR)
3. Global Tourism Travel (GTT)
4. Pilgrimage Air Service
(PAS)
PAS will ferry pilgrims from
around the world to religious Holy Lands
and back again. This alleviate local surface transport to get rid congestion
as well as around Holy Land’s close cities.
5. Mother Earth Research
Aircraft (MERA)
6. Etc.
III. Fire Fighting Aircraft
1. Air Assisted Fire Fighting (ASFF)
2. Airborne City Fire Extinguisher
(ACFE)
3. Airborne Forest Fire Extinguisher
(AF2E)
4. Air Tanker for Wild Fire (ATWF)
5. Etc.
IV. Airborne Environmental Surveillance
1. Marine
Environment Research Aircraft (MERA)
2. Airborne Research
on Terrestrial Environment (ARTE)
3. Airborne Geological
Observation and Research (AGOR)
4. Airborne Earth
Environment Protection (AEEP)
5. World Airborne Search and
Rescue (WASR)
6. Etc.
V. Air Disaster Relief
1. Airborne
Disaster Relief (ADR).
2. Global Malnourishment Airborne Assistance (GMA2)
3. Etc.
VI. Flying Hospital
1. World Airborne Hospital (WAH)
2. Airborne Coaching
Training Hospital (ACTH)
3. Airborne World Health Organization (AWHO)
4. Etc.
VII. Exchange of Science and
Industrial Knowhow
1. Airborne Professional Training (APT)
2. Airborne International
Education (AIE)
3. Airborne World University
(AWU)
4. Etc.
VIII.
Emergency Assistance
1. Emergency Help Aircraft (AEA)
2. Airborne Drought Deluge and
Disaster Assistance (AD3A)
3. Etc.
IX. Desert Agriculture
1. Airborne Tanker for Highland
Irrigation (ATHI)
2. Airborne Tanker for Draught Relief (ATDR)
3. Airborne World Wasteland Reforestation (WWR)
4. Etc.
X. Vertical Farming
1. Vertical Farming Aircraft (VFA)
For the management of vertical farming in cities as well as their suburbs
2. Etc.
XI. And so on.
---------end---------
By:
H.M.Rusli
Harahap
Pamulang
Residence G1
Jalan
Pamulang 2, Pondok Benda.
Kode
Pos: 15416. Tangerang Selatan.
Tel.
021-74631125.
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